VITAMIN D, SELENIUM, AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AS KEY MODULATORS OF EARLY PREGNANCY NAUSEA AND VOMITING

Abstract

This article analyzes the interrelated pathogenetic mechanisms of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, particularly hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), with emphasis on chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and micronutrient deficiencies, including vitamin D and selenium. Early gestational maladaptation is associated with activation of systemic inflammatory responses, which may be reflected by changes in hematological inflammatory indices such as NLR, PLR, SII, and PIV. These processes may contribute to trophoblastic dysfunction, impaired placental signaling, and neuroendocrine dysregulation. Selenium deficiency may reduce the activity of antioxidant selenoproteins and interfere with thyroid hormone metabolism, whereas vitamin D deficiency may enhance pro-inflammatory responses. Reduced nutritional intake caused by severe nausea and vomiting can further aggravate micronutrient deficiencies, creating a vicious cycle that contributes to the progression of clinical manifestations. The study emphasizes the potential importance of comprehensive assessment of inflammatory markers and micronutrient status in pregnant women with severe nausea and vomiting.