EARLY DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER: THE ROLE OF MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL BIOMARKERS

Abstract

Early detection of colorectal cancer includes identifying asymptomatic malignancy and precancerous lesions. This short narrative review examines the clinical role and limitations of biochemical and molecular biomarkers. Fecal hemoglobin is an established screening marker, whereas conventional serum tumor markers have limited diagnostic value in asymptomatic populations. Stool DNA and RNA assays can improve sensitivity by combining molecular signals with hemoglobin testing. Blood-based cell-free DNA tests provide another screening option but detect relatively few advanced precancerous lesions. Biomarker testing should therefore be integrated with appropriate patient selection and timely colonoscopy after a positive result.